Hot air fryers are considered environmentally friendly alternatives to convection ovens and fryers.
This is because air fryers are advertised as energy efficient, fry food faster and don't require cooking oil!
But are they really? Are Air Fryers Energy Efficient? We disagree because our research shows that air fryers use less electricity than deep fryers.
Let's get straight to the details.
- 10 great ways to reduce energy consumption at home
Air fryers vs. cooking time in a convection oven

Taste of Home, a popular home cooking blog, recorded the average cooking time for food using a deep fryer.

Based on the image above, it looks like air fryers can cook food between 5 and 25 minutes (on average), which is significantly faster.
But what's the best part about using an air fryer instead of a convection oven?
No preheating is required (although some recipes recommend it), allowing you to further minimize your power consumption.
Just turn on the fryer and add the foods you want to fry.
On the other hand, cooking food with a countertop convection oven means at least expense5-6 minutess to preheat the appliance; at least 15 minutes if using a large conventional oven.
After preheating the oven, food will take an additional 10 to 40 minutes to cook, depending on what you are cooking.
For a clear comparison:
Let's use Tefal's ActiFry Genius XL and Oster's extra-large digital convection oven as a basis for comparison. Both devices are considered the most energy-efficient in their class:
Attribute | Deep fryer (Tefal) | convection oven (Easter) |
---|---|---|
Can | 1.500 Watt | 1.500 Watt |
operating cost (Per hour) | $ 0,20 | $ 0,20 |
preheat | 0 minutes | 5 minutes |
fried chicken | 30 minutes ($0.10) | 5 + 45 minutes ($0.17) |
French fries | 20 minutes ($0.07) | 5 + 30 minutes ($0.12) |
Verdict: Air Fryer vs. Oven Power Consumption
Both the air fryer and oven have similar power consumption (1,500 watts on average), but air fryers cook faster than ovens and don't require preheating. Therefore, the hot air fryer is more energy efficient than ovens.
- The 10 best deep fryers to buy
Air Fryer vs. Countertop Oven Performance Comparison Chart
Kitchen appliances (air fryers) | Performance |
---|---|
Philips XXL digital hot air fryer (regarded as one of the best deep fryers on Amazon) | 1.725 Watt |
GoWISE Programmable Hot Air Fryer | 1.400 Watt |
Instant Pot Vortex Plus Air Fryer | 1.500 Watt |
Ninja Max XL Air Fryer | 1.750 Watt |
Innsky hot air fryer | 1.500 Watt |
Cooking appliance (tabletop convection ovens) | Performance |
---|---|
Toshiba Digital-Toaster | 1.500 Watt |
Breville Smart Mini Oven | 1.800 Watt |
COSORI countertop convection oven | 1.500 Watt |
Panasonic FlashXpress Compact Toaster | 1.300 Watt |
Easter toaster oven | 1.300 Watt |
Air Fryers vs Deep Fryers
We already know that chicken takes 25-30 minutes to cook in the Airfryer and around 45 minutes in the oven.
How long does it take to roast chicken in an air fryer?
We have an in-depth comparison between hot air fryers and air fryersHere.
Deep fryercooking time
While ovens need to be preheated, fryers need time to heat the cooking oil.
On average you have to wait 5-10 minutes for the oil to reach the ideal heat for frying.
But once the oil is heated, frying food shouldn't take more than a few minutes.
For example, roasting a chicken takes only 8 to 15 minutes (after Taste of Home) as soon as the frying oil is heated to the desired temperature.Attribute Deep fryer Deep fryer consumed energy 1.500 Watt 1.000 Watt operating cost
(per hour)$ 0,20 $ 0,13 preheat 0 minutes 10 mins fried chicken 30 minutes ($0.10) 10 + 15 minutes ($0.05) French fries 20 minutes ($0.07) 10 + 4 minutes ($0.03) breaded fish 13 minutes ($0.04) 10 + 5 minutes ($0.03) onion rings 11 minutes ($0.04) 10+4 minutes ($0.03) Vegetables 10 minutes ($0.03) 10 + 2 minutes ($0.03)
Veredicto: air fryer vs. air fryer
Air fryers are more energy efficient than hot air fryers because the power consumption of the fryers is much lower. Even if we factor in preheating the frying oil, deep fryers still use less energy because they cook faster than deep fryers in general.
However, air fryers have more disadvantages than air fryers and we discuss them.In this article.
But the gist is that air fryers are healthier, cleaner, and more versatile as they can be used for grilling, roasting, grilling, and even grilling.
Below are some of the best deep fryers on the market.
The best fryers
Kitchen Utensils (Fryers) | Performance |
---|---|
Cuisinart Fryer | 1.800 Watt |
Presto FryDaddy Electric Fryer | 1.200 Watt |
T-Fal Fryer | 1.700 Watt |
KRUPS electric fryer | 1.800 Watt |
Hamilton Beach electric window | 1.500 Watt |
You might also be interested in:
- The 10 most energy efficient refrigerators
Air Fryer vs. Oven vs. Fryer: Electricity Cost
Now let's put it all together to determine which is more energy efficient among air fryers, convection ovens and deep fryers.
Let's assume:
The operating costs per hour for:
- 1.000 Watt 0,13 $
- 1.500 Watt 0,20 $
Here is the warm-up time:
- The fryer takes 10 minutes to preheat the frying oil
- The convection oven takes 5 minutes to preheat
Estimated cost of using electricity to make fried chicken
Utensil | Performance | average cooking time | Estimated electricity costs |
---|---|---|---|
Deep fryer | 1.500 | 30 minutes | $ 0,10 |
convection oven | 1.500 | 5 + 45 minutes | $ 0,17 |
Deep fryer | 1.000 | 10 + 15 minutes | $ 0,05 |
Estimated cost of electricity consumption to prepare french fries
Utensil | Performance | average cooking time | Estimated electricity costs |
---|---|---|---|
Deep fryer | 1.500 | 20 minutes | $ 0,07 |
convection oven | 1.500 | 5 + 30 minutes | $ 0,12 |
Deep fryer | 1.000 | 10 + 4 minutes | $ 0,03 |
As you can see, air fryers are more energy efficient than air fryers and convection ovens because they cook faster and use less energy.
Even if we factor in the 10-minute preheating of fryer cooking oil, the electricity cost is still less than fryers and convection ovens.
Also, air fryers are generally cheaper than air fryers and convection ovens.
As such, fryers are a viable option if you want to save on energy usage and equipment costs. However, you should also consider the general health, maintenance and safety implications of using deep fryers.
Between air fryers and air fryers, we prefer air fryersFor these reasons.
How do air fryers work?
in oneInterview, Lisa McManus, Editor-in-Chief of Tastings and TestsAmerica's test kitchenThese fryers are basically small convection ovens with a convection chamber.
And despite the name, fryers don't actually "fry" food.
As you may already know, air fryers cook food by blowing hot air over and around the food.
A heating mechanism and a powerful fan are installed on a fryer.
Food is placed in a frying basket just below the top of the unit.
When you turn on the fryer, the superheated air descends, circulates, and cooks the food until crisp.
In a way, traditional convection ovens and air fryers are similar in that they cook food using fans and superheated air.
However, air fryers are usually smaller, allowing them to cook much faster.
Which fryers can cook?
Air fryers aren't just limited to frying things.

Brandi Crawford, author ofThe Super Easy Air Fryer Cookbook: Cravings Recipes for Healthier Fried Favorites, explained in aInterviewthat anything you can bake can also be done in a fryer.
These include chicken breasts, burgers, steaks, lamb chops and veggies.
You can even bake desserts with a deep fryer!
CliqueHereto learn more delicious deep fryer recipes.
Are Hot Air Fryers Healthy?
For all their convenience and efficiency, some people worry that air fryers are unhealthy.
Well, here's what we found out on the matter:
Medical News Today explained that switching to fried foods is possiblepromote weight lossas it can help reduce the absorption of oils from foods fried in oil.
LikeArticlefrom WebMD added that air frying is healthier because it reduces calories by up to 80%.
In the same article, WebMD also found that french fries reduce acrylamide build-up by up to 90%.
Acrylamide is formed when potatoes and other starchy foods are heated to high temperatures.
But you must ask yourself:
Is acrylamide harmful to health?
Acrylamide is a chemicalcan cause nerve damage, muscle weakness and impaired muscle coordination and is alsoassociated with the development of cancer.
But on the negative side:
That's what researchers at the Taiwan Indoor Ambient Air Quality Society sayDeep fryers pose a risk for indoor air pollutionwhen used without adequate ventilation.
indoor air pollutantscan cause respiratory diseasesor even cancer.
Next to,Teflon coatingsThey can be found in some fry baskets and accessories such as a baking sheet.
While Teflon is generally safe to use, at temperatures above 570°F, Teflon coatings on nonstick cookware begin to break down, releasing toxic gases into the air.
These toxic fumes can cause polymer fume fever, also known asTeflon complaint.
Are hot air fryers ecological?
The term eco-friendly has been used a lot, especially when it comes to home and personal care products.
But what does that really mean?
What does "environmentally friendly" mean?
If you search online for the literal meaning of the word eco-friendly, you will come across a number of different definitions, including:
- does not harm the environment (Google)
- non-polluting (Merriam-Webster dictionary)
- ecological or non-polluting (PUERTO SF)
- designed to impact the environment as little as possible (Cambridge dictionary)
As you can see, there is a lot of confusion about what green means.
In most cases, however, green is used to describe products, practices, and activities that help conserve the earth's natural resources, minimize waste, and prevent pollution.
- meanings ofecological terminologies(according to experts)
With this in mind, fryers can be considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ovens and fryers because:
- You can prepare food quickly and reduce power consumption.
- You can cook food in a fryer without using cooking oil.
- In addition to deep frying, you can use air fryers to bake, grill, roast, roast and more.
In addition, hot air fryers are perfect for reheating previously fried food.
As you may already know, reheating fried foods in the oven or microwave makes them mushy.
Meanwhile, the technology behind how the air fryer works allows you to reheat crunchy food to keep it crispy.
The more leftover food you can reheat, the less food is wasted, which is a big eco-point about air fryers.
But that is our opinion and we would like to hear your opinion.
Do you think fryers are better for the environment? Why or why not?
Pros and cons of air fryers
Benefits of using air fryers
- Air fryers are easy to use and can cook food much faster than ovens.
- It makes foods healthier because cooked foods quickly retain most of their nutrients.
- Air fryers are generally more energy efficient than most convection ovens.
- Reduces acrylamide formation in French fries by up to 90%.
- Deep fryers do not require cooking oil to fry food.
- It makes crispy fried foods less greasy and oily.
- Air fryers are safer than air fryers because they cook food without heating a large container of boiling oil.
- Most fryers are smaller than an oven; They won't take up most of your kitchen.
- The fryers' small size and lack of cooking oil make them easy to clean and maintain.
- Cleaning fryers requires less soap and water.
- Perfect for reheating fried food.
Disadvantages of Air Fryers
- Air fryers have a low cooking capacity, so you may need to cook in batches if you have a large family.
- Hot air fryers are much louder when in operation than any oven.
- It can be a source of indoor pollution.
- Some fryer accessories are Teflon coated.
- Most deep fryers are made of plastic.
- Air fryers are more expensive than most air fryers.
- Air fryers have longer cooking times compared to traditional air fryers.
Conclusion: Are Air Fryers Energy Efficient for Everyday Use?
As we showed above, air fryers are more energy efficient than most convection ovens because they can cook food much faster.
However, many fryers are suitable for small families, maybe 1-3 people.
This is because most deep fryers can only cook small amounts of food.
And for larger families, cooking food in batches could defeat the purpose of using air fryers to conserve electricity.
Thankfully, newer models of deep fryers now have larger cooking capacities, so all you have to do is take the time to look around.
And while air fryers can fry food faster than air fryers, air fryers let you sauté, bake, grill, and grill so you don't have to use an oven or microwave to cook other meals.
Not to mention, air fryers allow you to cook a variety of foods without using a vat of cooking oil.
But we want to hear your opinion.
In your opinion, are deep fryers more energy efficient than ovens and fryers for everyday use?
Would you start using one?
FAQs
Are air fryers energy efficient? ›
Air fryers are an energy efficient and economical way to quickly cook smaller quantities of food. They are cheaper and quicker to use than an oven, but may not be the best option for large families or batch cookers because of their limited capacity.
Are air fryers more energy efficient than a stove? ›Generally, an average air fryer is cheaper to use than an average oven. The difference is about 50% less total energy used, without even taking into account the shorter time needed to cook in an air fryer vs an oven.
Is air fryer consume too much electricity? ›In a nutshell, an air fryer uses about one-third less energy than an oven and half as much electricity as a microwave. It is, therefore, safe to say that it is an energy-efficient appliance.
Is an air fryer cheaper to run than an oven? ›The verdict. Generally, an air fryer is cheaper to use than the oven, but this is not always the case.
Do air fryers use more electricity than stove or oven? ›Air fryers are small appliances that consume much less energy than full-sized ovens. For example, a Ninja Air Fryer uses 1,550 watts, while a NuWave Brio 6-Quart Air Fryer uses 1,500 watts. By contrast, a full-size oven uses between 2,500 and 5,000 watts.
Does air fryer save on gas bill? ›Air fryers use far less energy to operate than big ovens and they take less time to cook food. That all means a lower monthly gas or electric bill if you opt for an air fryer in place of the full-sized oven on a regular basis.
Does the Airfryer use more energy than a microwave? ›The microwave is cheaper to run – so if you are only looking to use an appliance solely based on costs, then a microwave will help keep those energy bills as low as possible for cooking. Some people have both because of the different uses that they have – so you may decide to opt for the air-fryer for some uses.
What are the disadvantages of air fryer? ›The downside
Air-frying also produces high temperatures at a very rapid rate, thus making it extremely easy to burn food. And charred food may be carcinogenic. In addition, Cucuzza adds, because most devices cook 1 to 3 pounds of food at a time, it can be challenging to air-fry meals for a large family.
So if you often eat deep-fried foods, switching to an air fryer could be helpful. If you're cooking a food that you wouldn't normally add fat to when you cook it, whether that's ready-made oven chips, bacon, sausages or breaded chicken, being cooked in an air fryer is unlikely to make it healthier.
Does an air fryer run up your electric bill? ›On average, an air fryer will use about 3-5 kWh of electricity per hour of use. This means that if you use your air fryer for an hour each day, you can expect it to add about $0.30-$0.50 to your monthly electric bill.
How much electricity is saved using an air fryer? ›
"Cooking in the air fryer uses less than half of the energy required to cook the chicken or the jacket potato in the oven," says Greg. "So, cooking in the oven costs more than double what it costs in an air fryer."
What uses the most electricity in a home? ›- Wet appliances. Washing machines, dishwashers and tumble dryers account for 14% of a typical energy bill, taking the top spot in our list. ...
- Cold appliances. ...
- Consumer electronics. ...
- Lighting. ...
- Cooking.
The energy pro explained: “Air fryers, like microwaves, can work out cheaper to cook in than an oven because they take less time to heat up and have a shorter cooking time.” Overall, microwaves use the least amount of energy when compared with electric ovens, electric hobs, slow cookers and air fryers.
Can you cook frozen food in an air fryer? ›Can You Put Frozen Foods in an Air Fryer? Yes! Frozen food in the air fryer comes out crispy and cook more quickly than if cooked in an oven. You can cook everything from frozen meat to frozen snacks to frozen appetizers!
Can you cook pizza in an air fryer? ›If you love pizza as much as we do, you'll be excited to know that you can bake pizza in the air fryer, and it's actually even better than baking it in the oven!
Which is the most energy efficient air fryer? ›- Best overall air fryer – Tefal ActiFry Air Fryer.
- Best value air fryer – Tower T17023 Air Fryer.
- Best Ninja air fryer - Ninja AF100UK.
- Best air fryer for cooking meat – Ninja Foodi MAX PRO Health Grill, Flat Plate & Air Fryer.
The air fryer basket tends to cook foods a little faster than the air fryer oven, and the amount of time will differentiate between machines and kinds of food cooked. The air fryer oven can hold more food. Although not pictured here, we use our air fryer oven to make pizza in the air fryer.
Why is an air fryer better than a toaster oven? ›The Differences
The hot, rapidly circulating air in an air fryer makes for crispier food and faster cook times, while the concentrated radiant heat of a toaster oven can create hot spots. Another key difference between the two appliances is design.
It's faster than an oven, so it's worth it not wait to pre-heat up the oven, and make your house hot. An air fryer also gets food crispy, while a microwave won't. All that said, air fryers do have their disadvantages, too. They cook slower than a microwave, can be a bit noisy, and aren't great for large groups.
Why is there a shortage of Ninja air fryers? ›The demand for air fryers has surged to the point that the super-popular appliance is now in short supply. Shortages first started occurring over the summer, with demand for some models now far outstripping supply in the run-up to the busiest retail period of the year.
Can you bake in an air fryer? ›
You can also use the air fryer to make baked goods. Baking food in the air fryer can be beneficial because you'll save time by not having to preheat the oven. It's also a good choice for people who are avoiding firing up the oven during hot summer months or if you only want to make a few cookies at a time.
Are air fryers worth it? ›Research shows that air fryers are more energy efficient than using an oven and that means savings on energy bills. They are healthier than deep frying or using an oil-soaked frying pan so there are some health benefits too. The Instant Vortex itself is a good bit of kit.
Can you pop popcorn in an air fryer? ›Start by lining the base of the air fryer basket with tin foil, allowing around half an inch around the sides. Next, add the popcorn kernels into it, ensuring they are in a single layer. Now, place the air fryer basket into the air fryer and cook for 8-9 minutes.
How much does it cost to cook a jacket potato in an air fryer? ›Jacket potato
Which? discovered that that it takes just eight minutes to cook a soft, fluffy jacket and uses only 5p of energy. However, the air fryer provided some impressive results, which took half the time of an oven and cost only 9p.
- 1) It's loud.
- 2) It smokes a lot.
- 3) It only goes up to 400 degrees.
- 4) You can't see the food.
- 5) It won't do batter fried food.
- 6) You still have to add oil.
- 7) The inside is entirely coated with non-stick surfaces.
Health. The air fryer uses minimal to no oil to cook food, whereas a microwave oven requires more oil to cook food. So, food cooked in an air fryer is more nutritious than in a microwave oven.
What are the best foods to cook in an air fryer? ›Veggies like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, potatoes, zucchini, mushrooms & onions, and cauliflower all turn out incredible in the air fryer. You can also make your main dish IN the air fryer. It works magic with proteins like tofu, chicken drumsticks, meatballs, pork chops, fried chicken… even steak.
How do I reduce acrylamide in my air fryer? ›Acrylamide can be reduced by not cooking food at a too high temperature for too long. Consumers should aim for a golden yellow colour or lighter when frying (including air frying), baking, toasting or roasting food.
What are the benefits of air fryer over oven? ›Air fryers cook quicker than convection ovens and don't require heating a large appliance, like your full-sized oven. Their perforated racks also allow fat to drip onto the drip pan so your food doesn't absorb excess oil, which minimizes calories and becomes crispier since it is more dry.
Why are air fryers so popular all of a sudden? ›The pandemic made people cook from home more
One of the reasons for the popularity is the pandemic. It led to more people cooking from home, and a knock-on effect was a rise in the purchase of more specialized appliances. As people bought more things and created food at home, the air fryer became more popular.
How much does an air fryer reduce cooking time? ›
When taking a recipe from oven to air fryer, the general rule is to reduce the temperature by 20ºC – 30ºC, and cook for 20% less time. For example, if you were making these delicious Chilli Cheesy Nachos, you'd need to bake the potato wedges in the oven at 200ºC for 25 minutes.
How much does it cost to run an air fryer for 40 minutes? ›Research from Uswitch.com has said that an air fryer running on 1,000 watts costs 17p per 30 minutes of use and 34p per 60 minutes of use. Meanwhile, a 1,500W air fryer costs 26p for 30 minutes and 51p for an hour, whilst a 1,800W air fryer costs 31p for 30 minutes and 61p for an hour.
What three appliance use the most energy in your house? ›- Heating and cooling: 45-50% The largest electricity consumer in the average household is your heating and cooling appliance. ...
- Water heater: 12% ...
- Lighting: 9-12% ...
- Refrigerator: 8% ...
- Washer and dryer: 5% ...
- Electric oven: 3% ...
- Dishwasher: 2% ...
- TV and cable box: 2%
When it comes to household appliances, the ones that use the least electricity per hour tend to be the ones consumers use least. Hair dryers, ovens, and space heaters use very few kilowatt hours and even refrigerators are energy friendly.
What appliances use electricity even when turned off? ›Home office equipment such as power strips, desktop computers, monitors, printers, lamps, and anything with a digital display can use electricity even when they're turned off.
Is it really cheaper to cook from scratch? ›For those who want a quick and easy answer: It's generally cheaper to cook food at home than eat out. The reason so many people can get stuck on the question is the human psychology variable. People don't always spend wisely, and it isn't as if prices are always the same at a supermarket or a fast food restaurant.
What is the cheapest meal you can make? ›- 1.) Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. This one's a bit obvious, but PB&J is a classic staple and a REALLY simple meal. ...
- 2.) Pasta and jarred sauce. ...
- 3.) Bean and cheese burritos. ...
- 4.) Pancakes/waffles. ...
- 5.) Grilled cheese sandwiches. ...
- 6.) Chili cheese dogs. ...
- 7.) Sloppy Joes. ...
- 8.) Goulash.
The microwave is generally the most efficient way to heat up and cook food - it's always quicker and its smaller size (as opposed to the oven) means that the heat is more focused on whatever's being cooked. Opt for this appliance whenever possible.
Do you need to flip frozen food in an air fryer? ›To help food crisp, always turn, rotate or shake the contents in the air-fryer basket—just like flipping french fries, fish fillets or chicken tenders halfway through cooking in a traditional oven).
Can you do burgers in an air fryer? ›Yes, air frying hamburgers works for both fresh and frozen! It just takes a little more time to cook is all. I did lower the temp by 10 degrees so that the outside doesn't cook too fast before the inside gets done. So either way you make your burgers, they'll be perfect every single time!
Is it better to air fry frozen or thawed? ›
Do I need to defrost my food before air frying? No, you should generally never thaw frozen pre-cooked food you want to cook in an air fryer *. Cook itstraight from frozen for best results.
Can you fry an egg in the Airfryer? ›Tips for Getting the Perfect Fried Egg in an Air Fryer
Preheat your air fryer to 370 °F (187 °C) for 3 minutes and don't forget to place the egg dishes inside. Once you crack the eggs into hot ramekins, the eggs will start cooking immediately. Cook your eggs on air fry mode (air crisp setting).
Results are always soggy, half cooked pizza dough. The concept of the air fryer is to cook food hot and fast, but if you don't pre-cook the dough first then you get soggy crusts. So we've figured out the issue and learn that air frying the raw dough first then adding the toppings is WAY better.
Should I put leftover pizza in the air fryer or oven? ›Air frying is the best way to revive leftover pizza! No more soggy crust or dry, burnt pizza. Learn my foolproof method to reheat pizza in the air fryer and get a perfectly crispy crust, and ooey, gooey melted cheese in a matter of minutes. You'll never reheat pizza in the microwave or oven again!
What is the disadvantage of air fryer? ›The downside
Air-frying also produces high temperatures at a very rapid rate, thus making it extremely easy to burn food. And charred food may be carcinogenic. In addition, Cucuzza adds, because most devices cook 1 to 3 pounds of food at a time, it can be challenging to air-fry meals for a large family.
Air fryers are difficult to clean
Cleaning an air fryer is the biggest complaint I come across when researching air fryers. It is true that cleaning an air fryer is more easy to do in comparison with a conventional deep fryer. But still, people ask me frequently how to clean an air fryer properly.
Research shows that air fryers are more energy efficient than using an oven and that means savings on energy bills. They are healthier than deep frying or using an oil-soaked frying pan so there are some health benefits too. The Instant Vortex itself is a good bit of kit.
Why don t chefs use air fryers? ›At their core, air fryers are essentially smaller-sized convection ovens. For this reason, commercial businesses don't benefit from them. Convection ovens may find uses in the food industry for certain items but have many limitations for broader service menus.
What is the main advantage of an air fryer? ›A major advantage of an air fryer is that it gets extremely hot very quickly, and the circulating air helps the food cook evenly, get browned and crispy, without much intervention from you. This means you'll be able to cut your cooking time.
How do chefs feel about air fryers? ›The pros at WIRED agree. According to their appliance expert, Samantha Cooper, “[air fryers] are loud … don't do anything significantly better than an oven … and they also require bumping your toaster and coffeemaker onto a storage shelf.”
What to look out for in buying an air fryer? ›
- Timer. You'll never have to worry about overcooking your food with a timer function. ...
- Dishwasher-safe components. Lots of air fryers come with dishwasher-safe components. ...
- Multiple cooking functions. ...
- Temperature controls.